Initial comparison of descriptive statistics for all clinical variables was performed using either analysis of variance or chi-squared tests, depending on whether the variables were quantitative or categorical. To allow comparison among studies, the ARCS scores were then standardized (to Z scores) using the mean and SD of the normal population reported by Schofield et al. 21 Bivariate linear correlation analysis of standardized ARCS scores was performed using Pearson’s (r) coefficient tests. Because moderate outliers were observed for some of the cognitive variables, we performed a secondary check of the Pearson’s correlation analyses by using Spearman’s (rho) tests, which are robust to outlier effects. These tests yielded results showing consistent strength and significance for all bivariate tests, thus adding confidence that the Pearson’s (r) results were not affected by outliers. For each regression model, we entered each of the mental health measures as the main effect factors so as to approximate the relative contribution of each mental health factor on cognitive function while accounting for the others. Tests for normality of outcome variables were performed using Q-Q plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests. These tests showed some modest deviations from normality for language and visual domains, but these were not deemed substantial enough to warrant transformation. e., sex, age at initial assessment, age at diagnosis, disease duration, EDSS, treatment type, MS subtype, annual relapse rate, other mental health medications, and education level. To account for multicolinearity, and so as not to overburden each regression model with too many uninformative parameters, we chose to include all main effect factors and covariates in a step-wise fashion using an algorithm that only retained covariates if they contributed to the overall regression model (p<0.05). In an effort to discern the relative association of the three mood indices from each other, and in relation to the other clinical covariates, we partitioned our regression models to include forced entry of each mood index separately, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion, and forced entry of all three mood indices combined, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion. Because we tested six different hypotheses (i.e., six cognitive function outcomes), we used the Bonferroni correction method to adjust the significance level to 0.008 (i.e., 0.05/6). In addition, we retained results at the “suggestive” level of 0.05 to provide an indication of association trends.
Performance
The brand new detailed attributes into the MS subtypes are given from inside the Desk step 1. Seventy-nine % in our cohort was in fact classified once the relapsing remitting (RRMS), 14% https://datingranking.net/sugar-daddy/ had been additional modern (SPMS), and you will 7% priS) MS. People acquiring MS-specific immunomodulatory treatments was mainly RRMS clients and you can was researching interferon beta (N=89), glatiramer acetate (N=42), natalizumab (N=25), fingolimod (N=9), dimethyl fumarate (N=4), or no MS immunomodulatory treatment (N=153) during creating the research tests. SPMS people were more mature, had an extended lifetime of state, together with increased EDSS peak than simply the RRMS competitors from the committed of the examination. By using the seriousness grading conditions for every single feeling directory towards DASS, twenty-four the severity of emotional periods was analyzed. In our MS cohort, 12% off clients reported major otherwise very serious stress, which have fourteen% scoring modest quantities of stress (Profile 1). Thirty-1 percent was being treated which have good serotonin reuptake substance during the the amount of time out-of starting intellectual testing. According to our concept of intellectual handicap (pick over), 34% of our MS cohort have been cognitively dysfunctional.
We and additionally incorporated lots of potentially very important covariates into the for each and every of regression activities, i
Shape step 1. Distribution off Temper Indices on Numerous Sclerosis (MS) Cohort Showing Proportions of Customers at each Number of Severity a great
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